Journal: Theranostics

Article Title: Exercise ameliorates osteopenia in mice via intestinal microbial-mediated bile acid metabolism pathway

doi: 10.7150/thno.104186

Figure Lengend Snippet: FMT from exercised mice activated apelin signaling pathway. (A) PCA plot of samples from TranspCtrl and TranspExer groups (n = 3 per group). (B) Volcano plot of DEGs. (C) Enrichment analysis of upregulated DEGs in the TranspExer group. (D) Heatmap of expression levels of genes associated with the apelin signaling pathway. (E) Relative mRNA expression levels of Apln , Aplnr , Adcy4 , and Adcy5 . (F) Serum apelin concentration. (G) Representative apelin-stained IHC sections. (H) Relative mRNA expression levels of Pparg , Cebpa , Fabp4 , and Lpl . (I) Representative H&E sections depicting adipose tissue. (J-K) Quantitative analysis of J) number of adipocytes and K) adipocytes area. (L) Representative µCT images of tibias in TranspCtrl and TranspExer mice treated with AAV-Ctrl or AAV-Apln. (M-N) Trabecular bone microarchitecture showing BMD and Tb. N. Graphs show mean ± SEM (n = 6 per group), with statistical significance determined by two-tailed student t test in E-F, H, and J-K, and one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparisons test in M-N. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The apelin signaling pathway was suppressed using the apelin receptor antagonist ML221 (TargetMol, USA), wherein mice were administered ML221 (150 μg/kg) via tail vein injections three times a week for 8 weeks .

Techniques: Expressing, Concentration Assay, Staining, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Targeting APLN/APJ restores blood-testis barrier and improves spermatogenesis in murine and human diabetic models

doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34990-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: a The expression level of Apln mRNA in TM4 cell under high glucose (HG) and insulin. Data are presented as means ± SEM. Unpaired two-tailed t test. Results of three independent experiments are shown ( n = 3). b Immunofluorescence of ACTB (red) co-stained with APLN (green) in TM4 cell under HG and insulin. Scale bar, 5 μm. c Quantitative analysis of APLN immunofluorescence level in ( b ). Box-and-whisker plots denote the maximum (top whisker), 75th (top edge of box), 25th (bottom edge of box) and minimum (bottom whisker) percentiles, and the median (line in box). Unpaired two-tailed t test. n = 100 cells examined over 3 independent experiments. d Immunofluorescence of ACTB (red) co-stained with HIF1A (green) in TM4 cell under HG. Scale bar, 5 μm. e Genome browser view of the HIF1A density in the Apln range in negative control (NC) and HG treated TM4 cell. f PCA analysis of metabolomic data in NC and APLN group. Four biological replicates were performed for each group. g Heatmap showing all differential metabolites in NC and APLN group. h The metabolic level of NAD+, carnitine and glutathione and Palmitelaidic Acid in NC and APLN group. unpaired two-tailed t test between sample groups. n = 4 biologically independent samples. Each box represents the median and the 25 and 75% quartiles, and the whiskers indicate 1.5 times of the interquartile range. i , Immunoblots of TJP1 and GJA1 in TM4 treated APLN and by combination of three metabolites in different concentrations. j Immunoblots of TJP1 and GJA1 in TM4 treated APLN and three different concentrations (200, 500, 1000 μM) of each metabolites separately. k Immunoblots of indicated proteins in stable knockdown APJ cell treated APLN or HG. l Immunoblots of indicated proteins in TM4 treated APLN or HG and rescued by ML221. m Immunoblots of indicated proteins in TM4 treated APLN or HG and rescued by F13A. n Immunoblots of AMPKα1 and p-AMPKα1 in TM4 treated APLN or different concentrations of Palmitelaidic Acid.

Article Snippet: Mouse in group 3 was injected with ML221 (20 mM, Selleck, S8695).

Techniques: Expressing, Two Tailed Test, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Whisker Assay, Negative Control, Western Blot, Knockdown

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Targeting APLN/APJ restores blood-testis barrier and improves spermatogenesis in murine and human diabetic models

doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34990-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic illustration of the APLN or ML221 injection experiment in db/db . b Immunofluorescence of biotin (red) between indicated sample groups. Scale bar, 50 μm. c Biotin positive seminiferous tubules percentage in Control, APLN and ML221 injection group. Data are presented as means ± SEM. One-way ANOVA. Statistics were performed in five mouse testes each group ( n = 5). d Immunofluorescence of TJP1 and GJA1 (green) co-stained with VIM (red) in APLN injection and ML221 injection testicular paraffin sections. Scale bar, 10 μm. e Quantitative analysis of TJP1 and GJA1. Box-and-whisker plots denote the maximum (top whisker), 75th (top edge of box), 25th (bottom edge of box) and minimum (bottom whisker) percentiles, and the median (line in box). Statistics were performed in five mouse testes each group ( n = 5). One-way ANOVA was performed. f Schematic illustration of the ML221 injection experiment in db/db for IVF and ICSI. Mice were treated with ML221 at a dose of 10 mg per kg body weight per day. g Bright field diagram of testicular size in control and ML221 injection group. Scale bar, 2 mm. h H&E staining of testicular sections in control and ML221 injection group. Scale bar, 100 μm. i Sperm counts, sperm motility and testosterone level between control and ML221 injection group. PR: progressive motile, NP: non-progressive motile, IM: immotility. unpaired two-tailed t test was performed. j Brightfield diagram of 4-cell, morula, and blastocyst between control and ML221 injection group. Arrows indicated normal developing embryos. Scale bar, 200 μm. k The trilinear table shows all the embryo injection, two-cell embryos, blastocysts and live C-section-born mice data of IVF between control and ML221 injection group. l The trilinear table shows all the embryo injection, two-cell embryos, blastocysts and live C-section-born mice data of ICSI between control and ML221 injection group.

Article Snippet: Mouse in group 3 was injected with ML221 (20 mM, Selleck, S8695).

Techniques: Injection, Immunofluorescence, Control, Staining, Whisker Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Targeting APLN/APJ restores blood-testis barrier and improves spermatogenesis in murine and human diabetic models

doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34990-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Immunofluorescence of SOX9 (red) in human testis culture in Day 0 and Day 7 paraffin sections. Scale bar, 20 μm. The percentage of SOX9-positive cells was calculted on Day 0 and Day 7 separately. Mean ± SEM. ns, not significant, unpaired two-tailed t test. n = 3 human testis culture examined over 3 independent experiments . b Immunofluorescence of SYCP3 (green) and CREM (red) in human testis culture on Day 0 and Day 7 paraffin sections. Scale bar, 20 μm. The percentage of SYCP3-positive cells was counted. Mean ± SEM. Unpaired two-tailed t test. n = 3 human testis culture examined over 3 independent experiments . c Bright field diagram of human testis culture between different groups. Scale bar, 50 mm. d , e Immunofluorescence of TJP1 and GJA1 (green) and VIM (red) in human testis culture in Day 7 paraffin sections between indicated sample groups. n = 3 per group. Scale bar, 20 μm. Box-and-whisker plots denote the maximum (top whisker), 75th (top edge of box), 25th (bottom edge of box), and minimum (bottom whisker) percentiles, and the median (line in box). Quantitative analysis of TJP1. Two-tailed student’s t test was performed. f Immunofluorescence of TJP1 or GJA1 (green) and VIM (red) in diabetic patient testis culture in Day 7 paraffin sections between indicated sample groups. Scale bar, 50 μm. n = 3 per group. Box-and-whisker plots denote the maximum (top whisker), 75th (top edge of box), 25th (bottom edge of box) and minimum (bottom whisker) percentiles, and the median (line in box). Quantitative analysis of TJP1 and GJA1. Two-tailed student’s t test was performed. g Hypothetical Mechanism. Elevated blood glucose in diabetic patients directly leads to elevated ROS in Sertoli cells, which promotes HIF1A nuclear translocation and activates Apln expression. The excess of APLN disrupted the BTB-related genes by decreasing NAD+, carnitine, and glutathione. Blocking APLN/APJ with F13A and ML221 could significantly ameliorate the BTB damage and improve low sperm quality.

Article Snippet: Mouse in group 3 was injected with ML221 (20 mM, Selleck, S8695).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Two Tailed Test, Whisker Assay, Translocation Assay, Expressing, Blocking Assay